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英语大杂烩

15.1 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数

Reading and writing are very important.


  注意: 当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
  The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.

典型例题
  The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is  B. was  C. are  D. were
答案B. 注: 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A.,C.。本题易误选D,因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人,但仔细辨别, monitor 前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B。
(^  ^  )好男儿就是我,我就是李哲辉...
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15.2 主谓一致中的靠近原则

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1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。
  There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..
  There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.

2)当either… or… 与neither… nor, 连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。 如果句子是由here, there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。
  Either you or she is to go.
  Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.
(^  ^  )好男儿就是我,我就是李哲辉...
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15.3 谓语动词与前面的主语一致

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  当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语一致。
  The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.
  He as well as I wants to go boating.
(^  ^  )好男儿就是我,我就是李哲辉...
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15.4 谓语需用单数

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1) 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语,或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。
  Each of us has a tape-recorder.
  There is something wrong with my watch.

2) 当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数。
  The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.
  <<天方夜谭>>是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。

3) 表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语 时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可,意思不变。)
  Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
  Ten yuan is enough.
(^  ^  )好男儿就是我,我就是李哲辉...
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15.5 指代意义决定谓语的单复数

1) 在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。
   All is right.    (一切顺利。)
   All are present.  (所有人都到齐了。)

2) 集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时,意为这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时表示该个集体。
   His family isn't very large.  他家不是一个大家庭。
   His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。
  但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。
  Are there any police around?

3)有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数,有时看作复数。
  A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
  The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
  A number of books have lent out.
  The majority of the students like English.
(^  ^  )好男儿就是我,我就是李哲辉...
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15.6 与后接名词或代词保持一致

1) 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时,动词通常与of后面的名词,代词保持一致。
  Most of his money is spent on books.
  Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.

2) 在一些短语,如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。
  Many a person has read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。
  More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。
(^  ^  )好男儿就是我,我就是李哲辉...
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16. 虚拟语气

1) 概念
   虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想,所说的是一个条件,不一定是事实,或与事实相反。

2) 在条件句中的应用
   条件句可分为两类,一类为真实条件句,一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况,故采用虚拟语气。
(^  ^  )好男儿就是我,我就是李哲辉...
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16.1 真实条件句

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  真实条件句用于陈述语气,假设的情况可能发生,其中 if 是如果的意思。
 
  时态关系
句型: 条件从句    主句
   一般现在时   shall/will + 动词原形
  If he comes, he will bring his violin.

典型例题
  The volleyball match will be put off if it ___. 
A. will rain  B. rains  C. rained  D. is rained
  答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时,从句用一般现在时。

注意:
1) 在真实条件句中,主句不能用be going to表示将来,该用shall, will.
  (错) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.
  (对) If you leave now, you will never regret it.
  2) 表示真理时,主句谓语动词便不用shall (will) +动词原形,而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。
(^  ^  )好男儿就是我,我就是李哲辉...
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16.2 非真实条件句

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1)时态:可以表示过去,现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。
a.  同现在事实相反的假设。
句型 : 条件从句     主句
  一般过去时   should( would) +动词原形
  If they were here, they would help you.

b.  表示于过去事实相反的假设。
句型: 条件从句      主句     
  过去完成时    should(would) have+ 过去分词
  If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.  
  The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful. 
  If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.


  If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.
  含义:He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
  If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress.
  含义: He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress. 

c.  表示对将来的假想
  句型:  条件从句       主句
     一般过去时      should+ 动词原形
     were+ 不定式     would + 动词原形
     should+ 动词原形
  If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
  If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
  If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.
(^  ^  )好男儿就是我,我就是李哲辉...
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16.3 混合条件句

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  主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间,这时主,从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同,这叫做混合条件句。
  If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.
  (从句与过去事实相反,主句与现在事实相反。)
  If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在).
(^  ^  )好男儿就是我,我就是李哲辉...
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