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英语大杂烩

16.4 虚拟条件句的倒装

虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略,再把were, should或had 移到从句句首,实行倒装。
  Were they here now, they could help us.
  =If they were here now, they could help us.
  Had you come earlier, you would have met him
  =If you had come earlier, you would have met him. 
  Should it rain, the crops would be saved.
  =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.

注意:
  在虚拟语气的从句中,动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were",不用was, 即在从句中be用were代替。
  If I were you, I would go to look for him.
   如果我是你,就会去找他。
  If he were here, everything would be all right.
   如果他在这儿,一切都会好的。

典型例题
  _____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.
A. If were I   B. I were C. Were I D. Was I
  答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词,通常将if省略,主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意,在虚拟条件状语从句中,省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Weren't I to do.
(^  ^  )好男儿就是我,我就是李哲辉...
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16.5 特殊的虚拟语气词:should

1) It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用should 加动词原形, should 可省略。

句型:
  (1)suggested
It is  (2)important    that…+ (should) do
  (3) a pity

(1)suggested, ordered, proposed, required,  demanded, requested, insisted; + (should) do
(2)important, necessary, natural, strange
a pity,  a shame,  no wonder
(3)It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week.


  It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow.

2)在宾语从句中的应用
  在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。
order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + (should) do
  I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
  He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.


  注意: 如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时",即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时,宾语从句用陈述语气。
  The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules. 

  判断改错:
  (错) You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill.
  (对)  Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
  (错)  I insisted that you ( should) be wrong.
  (对)  I insisted that you were wrong.

3)在表语从句,同位语从句中的应用
  在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气,即(should)+动词原形。
   My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.
   I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
(^  ^  )好男儿就是我,我就是李哲辉...
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16.6 wish的用法

1)用于wish后面的从句,表示与事实相反的情况,或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为:

              真实状况 wish后      
从句动作先于主句动词动作  现在时  过去时
(be的过去式为 were)                 
从句动作与主句动作同时发生 过去时  过去完成时
(had + 过去分词)                  
将来不大可能实现的愿望   将来时 would/could +
                   动词原形    

  I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一样高。
  He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。
  I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。

2)Wish to do表达法。
  Wish sb / sth to do
  I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.
  I wish the manager to be informed at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.)
(^  ^  )好男儿就是我,我就是李哲辉...
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16.7 比较if only与only if

.

  only if表示"只有";if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。
  I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了,我才会醒。
  If only the alarm clock had rung.   当时闹钟响了,就好了。
  If only he comes early.       但愿他早点回来。
(^  ^  )好男儿就是我,我就是李哲辉...
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16.8 It is (high) time that

.

  It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形,但should不可省略。
  It is time that the children went to bed.
  It is high time that the children should go to bed.
(^  ^  )好男儿就是我,我就是李哲辉...
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16.9 need "不必做"和"本不该做"

.
  didn't need to do表示: 过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。.
  needn't have done表示: 过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。
  John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽,所以她不必步行回家了。
  John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽,所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家,没有遇上John的车。)

典型例题
  There was plenty of time. She ___.
A. mustn't have hurried  B. couldn't have hurried  C. must not hurry  D. needn't have hurried
  答案D。needn't have done. 意为"本不必",即已经做了某事,而时实际上不必要。
  Mustn't have done 用法不正确,对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done, "不可能已经"。 must not do 不可以(用于一般现在时)。
(^  ^  )好男儿就是我,我就是李哲辉...
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17. 名词性从句

在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
(^  ^  )好男儿就是我,我就是李哲辉...
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17.1 引导名词性从句的连接词

.

  引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
   连接词:that,whether,if 不充当从句的任何成分)
   连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,
        whose, which.
   连接副词:when, where, how, why
   不可省略的连词:
  1. 介词后的连词
  2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。
  That she was chosen made us very happy.
  We heard the news that our team had won.
  比较:whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下,whether 不能被if 取代:
1. whether引导主语从句并在句首
2. 引导表语从句
3. whether从句作介词宾语
4. 从句后有"or not"
   Whether he will come is not clear.


  大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用 it充当形式主语。
  It is not important who will go.
  It is still unknown which team will win the match.
(^  ^  )好男儿就是我,我就是李哲辉...
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17.2 名词性that-从句

1)由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。 That只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不担任任何成分,本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语,例如:
  主语:That he is still alive is sheer luck.  他还活着全靠运气。
  宾语:John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。
  表语:The fact is that he has not been seen recently.   事实是近来谁也没有见过他。
  同位语:The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
  近来谁也没有见过他,这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。
  形容词宾语:I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.
  你对工作满意我感到很高兴。

2)That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末,例如:
  It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚,整个计划注定要失败。
  It's a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。
  
  用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系:
  a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
  It is necessary that…    有必要……
  It is important that…    重要的是……
  It is obvious that…     很明显……


  b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
  It is believed that…     人们相信……
  It is known to all that…   从所周知……
  It has been decided that…   已决定……


  c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
  It is common knowledge that…  ……是常识
  It is a surprise that…   令人惊奇的是……
  It is a fact that…     事实是……


  d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
  It appears that…      似乎……
  It happens that…      碰巧……
  It occurred to me that…   我突然想起……
(^  ^  )好男儿就是我,我就是李哲辉...
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17.3 名词性wh-从句

1)由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外,还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等,例如:

主语: How the book will sell depends on its author. 书销售如何取决于作者本人。

直接宾语:In one's own home one can do what one likes. 在自己家里可以随心所欲。

间接宾语:The club will give whoever wins a prize. 
俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。

表语: My question is who will take over president of the Foundation. 我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。

宾语补足语:She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。

同位语:  I have no idea when he will return. 
我不知道他什么时候回来。

形容词宾语:I'm not sure why she refused their invitation.  我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。

介词宾语: That depends on where we shall go. 
那取决于我们去哪儿。

2)Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语,而将wh-从句置于句末,例如:
  It is not yet decided who will do that job. 
  还没决定谁做这项工作。
  It remains unknown when they are going to get married.  他们何时结婚依然不明。
(^  ^  )好男儿就是我,我就是李哲辉...
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