Chapter 20 Education 教育
1． It is a general view that every American has the right and obligation to become educated. American believe that ,through education, an individual acquires the knowledge, skill ,attitudes and abilities which will enable him to fit into society and improve his social status. Education helps to shape the society and develop the national strength。在美国，人们普遍认识是，每一个人都有受教育的权利和义务，通过受教育，人们可以更好的适应社会，提高自身的社会地位，教育有助于塑造社会，增强国家实力。（2000，46题，一句话回答）

2． Formal education in the U.S consists of elementary ,secondary and higher education, Elementary and secondary education,which forms public education, is free and compulsory.美国正规的教育由初等，中等和高等教育组成，初等，中等教育属公立教育，是免费和义务的。

3． In American ,there are more public elementary and secondary schools that private ones, while private colleges and universities outnumber public ones.在美国，公立中小学比私立多，而私立大学比公立大学多。

4． Under the Tenth Amendment to the U.S Constitution, education was included among the responsibilities which were “reserved to the states or the people:.根据美国宪法第十修正案，教育是：保留给各州或人民：的责任之一。

5． There is not a national system of education in the United States, It is the state that establishes policies for the education within its boundary, so many variations can be found in the education system of the 50 states.美国没有全国统一的教育体制，而是由各州为自己辖区内的学校
制订政策，所以50个州的教育体制相差很大。

6． Elementary and secondary education in the U.S covers 12 years for ages 6 through 18, All the states have laws that require children to go to school, generally until the age of 16, unless they are severely handicapped.美国初等和中等教育共12年，从6岁到
期8岁，所有州要求孩子们上学上到期16岁，除非他们严重残疾。

7． In American, the total support for public schools is about 186 billion a year, about 7% of the gross national product(GNP)在美国，给公立学校的财政资助一年约1850亿美元，约占国民生产总值的7%。

8． Each local school district of American has a governing board whose major responsibilities are 1>the hiring of professional and support staff, 2>determining the most suitable local curriculum, 3>and developing and approving a budget to carry out educational programs. Usually the board of education employs a superintendent of school, who is the chief executive officer at the local level.每个地方学区都有一个由选民选举产生的管理委员会，它主要有三个职责，1。聘用教师和学校员工，2。决定适合当地的课程，3。制定和批准执行教育计划的预算，通常，教育委员会要选一位督学，作为地方一级的重要教育行政官员。

9． The typical organizational pattern for elementary and secondary schools is that of graded schools. Usually, the elementary school covers grades 1-8 and the high school 9-12.美国中小学典型的组织模式是年级制，通常，小学包括1到8年级，中学包括9到12年级。

10． There is a certain degree of similarity in the American elementary school curriculum. It mainly consists of mastery of the “basics” such as reading, writing, and arithmetic of mathematics.美国各小学的课程有某种程度的相似之处， 要是对“基础课的掌握，这些基础包括阅读，写作，和算术或数学等。

11． Higher education of the U.S began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636.美国的高等教育始于1636年哈佛学院的建立。（2001，22选择）

12． The system of higher education in the U.S has three principal functions: teaching, research and public service.美国高等教育有三大职能：教学，研究，和公众服务。

13． In American, there are the best research universities such as Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Columbia and MIT in the east, as well as Stanford and Berkeley on the west coast.美国最好的科研型大学有位于东部的哈佛，耶鲁，普林斯顿，哥伦比亚，和麻省理工大学，位于西海岸的斯坦福大学和伯克利大学。

14． The administration of most colleges and universities is quite separate from that of the school. But there are three State board that set policy for education at all levels in respective state, They are the State Boards of New York, Rhode Island ,and Michigan.大多数学院和大学的行政管理是与中小学分开的，但有3个州例外，它们是纽约，罗得岛，和密歇根州。

15． Except for some college sponsored by the Catholic Church, all college and universities in the U.S ,public or private, are governed by a board of trustees composed primarily of laymen.除了一些由天主教会赞助的大学外，美国所有的大学都是由一个主要的由外行人员组成的托管委员会管理。

16． The community college calls for education to serve the good of both the individual and society. It embodies Thomas Jefferson’s belief that an education should be practical as well as liberal.社区学院奉行教育既为个人又为社会服务的宗旨，它包含了托马斯。杰斐逊教育既是实用的又是自由这一信仰。

17． By the mid-1980s, a wave of education reform swept the country. These reform had two focuses:1>the raising of the standards of teaching and learning;2>the restructuring of the schools.到80年代中期席卷全国的教育改革的浪潮有两个重点1》提高教学标准2》学校的结构改革。

18． In 1983, a report entitled “A Nation At Risk” was issued which cited high rates of adult illiteracy, declining SAT scores, the decline of educational standards. The report put forward five proposals.1983《危险中的国家》发表，引用了成人文盲比例高，学生技能下降，教育水准下降等例子，该报告提出了五点建议。

19． On April 18,1991, President Bush issued his plan” American 2000:An Education strategy” which set six goals.

Chapter 21 Literature, Architecture and Music 文化，建筑和音乐
1． Benjamin Franklin was the only writer in the colonial period whose works are read today “Lost time is never found again”, “God helps those who help themselves “are very famous saying in his Poor Richard’s Almanac.本杰明。富兰克大是殖民地时期唯一一位作品至今仍广为传诵的作家“光阴一去不复回”“自助者，天助之，都是他《穷理查的年鉴》中的名言。

2． Benjamin Franklin’s uncompleted Autobiography is perhaps the first real American writing as well as the first real autobiography in English.本杰明。富兰克林没完成的自传可能是第一本真正的美国作品，也是第一本用英语写的自传.

3． Washington Irving was the first American writer who gained international fame. His most famous book The Sketch Book contains two of the best-love stories from American literature: and .华盛顿.欧文是第一个获得国际知名度的美国作家，他最著名的一本书《见闻札记》，它包括了美国文学两个最受欢迎的故事《瑞普。凡。温克尔》和《睡谷的传奇》

4． In the early part of the 19th century, New York City was the center of American writing .Its writers were called :Knickerbockers” and the period from 1810 to 1840 is called the “Knickerbockers Era” of the American literature. 19世纪早期，纽约城是美国的写作中心，这里的作家被称为纽约市人，从1810-1840年的三十年被称为美国文学的“纽约市人时期。

5． In 1936, Emerson published his famous book Nature, which is the clearest statement of Transcendentalist ideas. In 1837, Emerson gave a speech at Harvard University: “The American Scholar”, which was considered the intellectual Declaration of independence.1836年，爱默生出版了其著作《自然》该书对先验主义作了最清楚的阐述，1837年，爱默生在哈佛大学发表了题为《美国的学者》的演讲，该演讲被认为是知识分子的独立宣言。

6． In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne consider the effect on an individual’s character of guilty conscience, of hypocrisy, and of hatred.霍桑在代表作《红字》中对人物性格的内疚，虚伪和憎恨的外部影响提出了自己的看法。

7． Mark Twain’s famous works are:1> The Adventure of Tom Sawyer.汤姆。索亚历险记
2> the Adventures of huckleberry Finn( his masterwork)哈克贝利。费恩历险记
3>A Tramp Abroad 浪迹天涯
4>Life on the Mississippi 密西西比河上的生活
5>The Gilded Age 镀金时代6>Innocents Abroad 无知者的国外游 （一句话简答的可能）

8．In Walt Whitman’s masterpiece Leaves of Grass, he praised the ideas of equality and democracy and celebrated the dignity, the self-reliant spirit and the joy of the common man. “Song of Myself” is Whitman’s very famous works. Whitman was the first to explore fully the possibilities of free verse.惠特曼是探索自由诗体可能性的第一个，他在他的代表作《草中集》中歌颂了平等，民主的思想，赞美了尊严，自立精神和普通百姓的快乐，《自我之歌》是惠特曼又一名作。

9．Emily Dickson wrote nearly 1800 poems and only seven of them were published during her lifetime. Death was one of the great themes of her work and she seldom lost sight of the grave.死亡是迪金森作品的一大主题。

10．Sister Carrie is Theodore Dreiser’s first novel. Dreiser is also famous for his Trilogy of Desire(The Financier, The Titan, and The Stoic), and An American Tragedy, which is considered to be his best.《嘉丽妹妹》是德莱塞的第一部小说，德莱塞还因其〈欲望三部曲〉“金融家”“巨人”“斯多葛”以及〈美国国悲剧〉而闻名于世，它也被认为是他最好的一部作品。（2001。46问答） 
               
12． Thomas Sterns Eliot won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1946. His masterpiece, “The Waste Land” reveals the spiritual crisis of Post War Europe, and is considered the manifesto of the “Lost Generation”.托马斯。艾略特于1946年获得诺贝尔文学奖，《荒原》是其代表用，展现了战后欧洲的精神危机，被认为是“迷惘的一代的宣言书。

13． Ernest Hemingway won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954, The sun Also Rises is his important novel. His other important works include Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, Old Man and the Sea.海明威1954年获得诺贝尔文学奖，《太阳照样升起》是他的第一部重要作品，他的其他著名作品还有《永别了，武器》，《丧钟为谁而鸣》《老人与海》（一句话简答的可能）（2001。24选择）

14． Hughes and Wright were the major figures of Black writers. Hughes was regarded as Black American’s poet laureate. In his masterpiece “The Weary Blues”, he explains the everyday life in Harlem. Native Son is Wright’s masterpiece. It is the first book by a Black author about the Black life. Black Boy was an autobiography relating the bitter experience of Wright’s youth.休斯和赖特是美国黑人作家的代表人物，休斯被认为是美国黑人“桂冠诗人”，其代表作为《疲惫的黑人伤感歌》〈土生子〉是赖特的代表作，它是第一部关于赖特青年时期苦难经历的自传。

15． In the 1920s,Black Literature developed into an upsurge which has come to be known as the Harlem Renaissance.美国文学的：哈莱姆复兴“发生在20世纪20年代。

16． The first uniquely American contribution to architecture was the Skyscraper, which was perfected in the late 19th century by the Chicago architect, Louis Sullivan. Sears Tower is the tallest building in the world, which was completed in 1974 in Chicago.摩天大楼是美国人对建筑的第一个贡献，它是由芝加哥建筑师路易斯。沙利文完成的，西尔斯大厦是世界是最高的建筑物。

17． In American, Jazz, Rock and Role, Western and country music are the main type of popular music. Jazz is considered the U.S’ s unique contribution to music.爵士乐，摇滚乐和西部乡村音乐是美国流行音乐的几种形式，爵士乐被认为是美国人对音乐的特别贡献。

第二十二章节：Holidays and Festivals 节日和假期

1． By long custom, American nationally observed holidays include Christmas, Thanksgiving Day, Labor Day, Independence Day, New Year’s Day, Columbus Day, Washington’s birthday, Memorial Day and Veterans’ Day.在美国有以下节日是全国同庆的节日：圣诞节，感恩节，劳动节，独立纪念日，新年，哥伦布纪念日，华盛顿诞辰纪念日，阵亡将士纪念日和退伍军人节。

2． Easter Sunday, which comes from the ancient Norwegian festival of Spring sun, is the second of the two most important religious holidays for Christians. Egg rolling, the original Easter tradition by the colonists, is held on Easter Monday morning every year on the Whiter House Lawn. Of all the symbols, the egg and the hare are considered to represent fertility and new life.复活节源于古挪威的春天太阳节，是两上最重要的基督教节日中的第二个，滚彩蛋是殖民者最初的复活节传统，至今仍每年在白宫草坪举行，鸡蛋和野兔被认为是多产和新生活的象征，是复活节的象征物。

3． To celebrate Memorial Day, a grand ceremony is always held at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Arlington National Cemetery near Washington D.C为庆
祝阵亡纪念日，盛大仪式通常在华盛顿特区附近的阿灵顿国家公墓的无名将士墓前举行。

4． Independence Day is American’s most important patriotic holiday patriotic holiday, the birthday of the nation. Now Independence day is celebrated in all states. The army marks the occasion by firing a thirteen-gun salute every year. Many people bring their children to visit the birthplace of the country - Philadelphia.独立日纪念是美国最重要的爱国节日，也是国家的生日，军队每年都会鸣放13响礼炮来庆祝。家长们也往往带孩子们去参观美国的诞生地-费城

5． Halloween(All Hallows’ Eve) is a nighttime children’s holiday. Children with curious masks go from house to house to frighten friends of neighbors and threaten them with :Trick or treat”. Since 1950, more and more children have asked for pennies for UNICEF to help children in other countries, for which the 1965 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to American children.万圣节除夕是孩子们的节日衣晚，你想挨捉弄还是款待我们“是万圣节的孩子们常说的话，1965年，美国儿童获得诺贝尔和平奖。

6。Veterans''Day ,which was called the Armistice Day before, originally celebtated the signing of the 1918 Armistice.退伍军人节，以前称作休战日，最初是为了纪念1918年第一次世界大战停战协议的签订。

7。Thanksgiving Day is a typical American holiday. The theme of Thanksgiving has always been peace and plenty, health and happiness. Thanksgiving Day is historical, national, and religious holiday that began with the Pilgrims. The first Thanksgiving Day was celebrated by the English settlers in Plymouth, Massachusetts on Decenber 13,1621. On Thanksgiving day, people have such traditional food as roast turkey, pumpkin pie, apples, cranberry sauce, squash, etc.感恩节的主题一直是和平，丰收，健康和快乐，感恩节是由清教徒发起的，第一个感恩节是于1621年12月13日由居住在普利茅斯的英国移民庆祝的，烤火鸡，南瓜饼，越橘酱和南瓜是感恩节的传统食品。

8。Christmas Day, which celebrated the birth of Jesus Christ, is the biggest and the best-loved holiday in the United states, in many areas,, after the Thanksgiving Day is the biggest shopping day of the year-the first day of Christmas gift shopping.圣诞节是美国最大的，最受美国人喜欢的节日，在许多地区，感恩节后的第一个星期五是一年中最在的购物日---是购买圣诞节礼物的第一天。

国家概况名词解释

1.The Thames River
The Thames River is the second largest and most important
river in Britain.It is 336 KM long,rising in southwest England and
flowing through England and out into the North Sea.It flows rather
slowly,which is very favorable for water transportation.
2.The High Landers
They are the Scots who live in the mountainous regions of the
Highlands in Northern Scotland.They are a proud,independent and
hardy people who maintain their strong cultural identity.They
mainly live by farming sheep in mountain areas or fishing on the
coasts and islands.
3.The British Commonwealth 英联邦
The British Empire was replaced by the British CommonWealth
or the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931.It is a free association
of independent counries that were once colonies of Britain.Member
nations are joined together economically and have certain trading
arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers.The decision
to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each member
nation. At present there are 50 member counties whitin the
commonwealh (1991).
是曾为英国殖民地，但现在已经独立构成的自由联合体。
4.Cockney伦敦佬
A cockney is a Londoner who is born within the sound of Bow
Bells-the Bells of the church of St. Mary-LeBow in east London
5.Eisteddfodau
festivals of song and dance and poetry celebrated by the welsh
throught the year.by this way the welsh keep the welsh language
and welsh culture alive.

6.The Maritime Climate 海洋性气候
The type of climate when winter is mild,not too cold and summer
is cool,not too hot,and it has a steady reliable rainfall
throughout the whole year.

7.The English Channel
A Channel which separates Britain from the rest of France is quite
narrow.A channel tunnel under this channel was built in 1994 to
join the two countries together.

8.The Chunnel英吉利海峡隧道
In 1985 the British government and French government decided to
build a channel tunnel, which is called “Chunnel”, under the
Straits of Dover so that England and France could be joined
together by road. The Chunnel was open to traffic in May 1994.

9.“pea soup” fogs伦敦雾
the famous “pea soup”fogs were thick heavy yellow fogs of London
and other cities seldom occur any more.
厚的\重的\黄色的雾气10.British isles
The british isles are made up of two large islands and hundreds of
small ones.the two large islands are great Britain and Ireland.

11.Stonehenge: 巨石阵
It is a circular group of large standing stones on Salisbury
Plain, Wiltshire, regarded as one of the most important
monuments纪念碑 of its kind in Europe, and very popular with
visitors.

12.Thomas becket:托马斯
he was English churchman and statesman.he became Chancellor of
England under Henry II in 1155.he was appointed Archibishop
ofCanterbury in 1162.

13.Geoffrey Chaucer
He was an important English poet in the fourteenth century. His
best known is The Canterbury Tales, which describes a group of
pilgrims travelling to Canterbury to visit Thomas Becket’s tomb坟墓.
Because he was the first important English poet to write in
English. He has been known as the “Father of English Poetry”.

14.Joan of arc:圣女贞德
she was a national heroine of France during the hundred year’s
war,she successfully led the france to drive the English out of
france.

15.lollards:罗拉德派
they were poor priests and traveling preachers who were john
wyclif’s followers.they played an important role in the mental
preparations for the peasant uprising of 1381.they preaching the
equality of men before god.

16.The Puritans清教徒
The Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to
purify the Church of England and threatened with religious
persecution, the Puritans leaders saw the New world as the a
refuge provided by God for those He meant to save.








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Maybe God wants us to meet a few wrong people before meeting the right one,so that when we finally meet the person,we will know how to be grateful.
在遇到梦中人之前，上天也许会安排我们先遇到别人；在我们终于遇见心仪的人时，便应当心存感激。

17.Julius Caesar
He was a great Roman general.In 55BC and 54BC,he invaded
Britain twice.Because of the resistence of the British people,he
withdrew with hostages and prisoners.That's the beginning of the
Roman invasion. 带着人质和俘虏撤退。

18.The Hardrian's Wall
It was one of two great walls built by the Romans to keep the
Picts out of the area they had conquered.
由罗马人修建，把皮克特人挡在已征服的地区之外。

19.Heptarchy七王国
During the Anglo-Saxon's time,Britain was divided into many
kingdoms,among which there were seven principal kingdoms of
Kent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,East Anglia,Mercia and Northumbria.They
were given the name of Heptarchy.
20.St.Augustine
In 597,Pope Gregory I sent St.Augustine to England to convert
the English People to Christianity.He was very successful in
converting the king and the nobility.He was the first archbishop
of Canterbury.
教皇，格里高力一世派圣奥古斯丁到英格兰去使英格兰人皈依基督教。

21.Witan 贤人会议
Witan was the council or meeting of the wisemen.It was created
by the Anglo-Saxons to advise the king.It's the basis of the Privy
Council which still exists today.

22.Alfred the Great
Alfred was a strong king of Wessex.He defeated the Danes and
reached a friendly agreement with them.He founded a strong fleet
and is known as "The father of the British navy".He reorganized
the Saxon army,making it more efficient.He also translated books
and established schools.All this earned him the title "Alfred the
Great".

23.William the Conqueror 威廉征服
William was Duke of Normandy.He landed his army in Oct.1066
and defeated king Harold.Then he was crowned king of England on
Chistmas Day the same year.He established a strong Norman
government and the feudal system in England.
建立了封建制度

24.The battle of Hastings
In 1066,King Edward died with no heir,the Witan chose Harold
as king.William,Duke of Normandy ,invaded England.On October
14,the two armies met near Hasting.After a day's battle,Harold was
killed and his army completely defeated.So this battle was very
important on the way of the Roman conquest.
哈罗德被威廉击败。

25.The Danelaw 施行丹麦法的地区
By the middle of the ninth century,the Vikings and the Danes
were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex whose capital
was Winchester.Alfred,King of Wessex,was strong enough to defeat
the Danes and came to a relatively friendly agreement with them in
879.The Danes gained control of the north and east of
England(-"the Danelaw"),while Alfred would rule the rest.
协议规定丹麦人控制英格兰北部和西部（丹麦法区），而阿尔弗雷德统治其他地区。

26.Norman Conquest
The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in
English history. William the conqueror confiscated almost all the
land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak
Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system
was completely established in England.

27.Domesday Book
It is a book compiled by a group of clerks under the sponsorship
of King William the First in 1086. The book was in fact a property
record. It was the result of a general survey of England. It
recorded the extent, value, state of cultivation, and ownership of
the land. It was one of the important measures adopted by William
I to establish the full feudal system in England. Today, it is
kept in the Public Records Office in London.

28.The Black Death
It is a modern name given to the dearly bubonic plague, an
epidemic disease spread through Europe in the fourteenth century
particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without
any cue. In England, it killed almost half of the total
population, causing far-reaching economic consequences.

29.the divine rights of kings君权神授
the theory that a king rules with the authority of god.

30.The Wars of Roses玫瑰战争(考过)
the name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the
House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York,
symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor,
descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in
1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these
Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great
medieval nobility was much weakened.

31.the Spanish Armada:西班牙无敌舰队
the fleet sent to invade England by Philip II of spain in 1588.

32.The Glorious Revolution of 1688光荣革命
In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II.
James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped
to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England
was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago.
So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a
Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English
throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was
relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the
king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.

33.The Gunpowder Plot of 1605火药阴谋案
The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most famous of the Catholic
conspiracies. On Nov. 5,1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted
to blow King James and his ministers up in the House of Parliament
where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gun-powder in the cellars.
The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his
fellow-conspirators and imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws.
The long-term result has been an annual celebration on Nov. 5,
when a bonfire is lit to turn a guy and a firework display is
arranged.
34.Blood Mary血腥玛丽
It is the nickname given to Mary I, the English Queen who
succeeded to the throne after Henry VIII. She was a devout
Catholic and had so many Protestants burnt to death that she is
remembered less by her official title Mary I by her nickname Blood
Mary.

35.rotten boroughs衰败选区
a parliamentary constituency which possessed the right to elect
members of parliament even though its population had dwindled or
was nonexistent.
议会选民区都有权利去选举议会的成员即使它的人口已经下降或是不存在。

17.Julius Caesar
He was a great Roman general.In 55BC and 54BC,he invaded
Britain twice.Because of the resistence of the British people,he
withdrew with hostages and prisoners.That's the beginning of the
Roman invasion. 带着人质和俘虏撤退。

18.The Hardrian's Wall
It was one of two great walls built by the Romans to keep the
Picts out of the area they had conquered.
由罗马人修建，把皮克特人挡在已征服的地区之外。

19.Heptarchy七王国
During the Anglo-Saxon's time,Britain was divided into many
kingdoms,among which there were seven principal kingdoms of
Kent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,East Anglia,Mercia and Northumbria.They
were given the name of Heptarchy.
20.St.Augustine
In 597,Pope Gregory I sent St.Augustine to England to convert
the English People to Christianity.He was very successful in
converting the king and the nobility.He was the first archbishop
of Canterbury.
教皇，格里高力一世派圣奥古斯丁到英格兰去使英格兰人皈依基督教。

21.Witan 贤人会议
Witan was the council or meeting of the wisemen.It was created
by the Anglo-Saxons to advise the king.It's the basis of the Privy
Council which still exists today.

22.Alfred the Great
Alfred was a strong king of Wessex.He defeated the Danes and
reached a friendly agreement with them.He founded a strong fleet
and is known as "The father of the British navy".He reorganized
the Saxon army,making it more efficient.He also translated books
and established schools.All this earned him the title "Alfred the
Great".

23.William the Conqueror 威廉征服
William was Duke of Normandy.He landed his army in Oct.1066
and defeated king Harold.Then he was crowned king of England on
Chistmas Day the same year.He established a strong Norman
government and the feudal system in England.
建立了封建制度

24.The battle of Hastings
In 1066,King Edward died with no heir,the Witan chose Harold
as king.William,Duke of Normandy ,invaded England.On October
14,the two armies met near Hasting.After a day's battle,Harold was
killed and his army completely defeated.So this battle was very
important on the way of the Roman conquest.
哈罗德被威廉击败。

25.The Danelaw 施行丹麦法的地区
By the middle of the ninth century,the Vikings and the Danes
were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex whose capital
was Winchester.Alfred,King of Wessex,was strong enough to defeat
the Danes and came to a relatively friendly agreement with them in
879.The Danes gained control of the north and east of
England(-"the Danelaw"),while Alfred would rule the rest.
协议规定丹麦人控制英格兰北部和西部（丹麦法区），而阿尔弗雷德统治其他地区。

26.Norman Conquest
The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in
English history. William the conqueror confiscated almost all the
land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak
Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system
was completely established in England.

27.Domesday Book
It is a book compiled by a group of clerks under the sponsorship
of King William the First in 1086. The book was in fact a property
record. It was the result of a general survey of England. It
recorded the extent, value, state of cultivation, and ownership of
the land. It was one of the important measures adopted by William
I to establish the full feudal system in England. Today, it is
kept in the Public Records Office in London.

28.The Black Death
It is a modern name given to the dearly bubonic plague, an
epidemic disease spread through Europe in the fourteenth century
particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without
any cue. In England, it killed almost half of the total
population, causing far-reaching economic consequences.

29.the divine rights of kings君权神授
the theory that a king rules with the authority of god.

30.The Wars of Roses玫瑰战争(考过)
the name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the
House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York,
symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor,
descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in
1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these
Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great
medieval nobility was much weakened.

31.the Spanish Armada:西班牙无敌舰队
the fleet sent to invade England by Philip II of spain in 1588.

32.The Glorious Revolution of 1688光荣革命
In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II.
James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped
to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England
was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago.
So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a
Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English
throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was
relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the
king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.

33.The Gunpowder Plot of 1605火药阴谋案
The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most famous of the Catholic
conspiracies. On Nov. 5,1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted
to blow King James and his ministers up in the House of Parliament
where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gun-powder in the cellars.
The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his
fellow-conspirators and imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws.
The long-term result has been an annual celebration on Nov. 5,
when a bonfire is lit to turn a guy and a firework display is
arranged.
34.Blood Mary血腥玛丽
It is the nickname given to Mary I, the English Queen who
succeeded to the throne after Henry VIII. She was a devout
Catholic and had so many Protestants burnt to death that she is
remembered less by her official title Mary I by her nickname Blood
Mary.

35.rotten boroughs衰败选区
a parliamentary constituency which possessed the right to elect
members of parliament even though its population had dwindled or
was nonexistent.
议会选民区都有权利去选举议会的成员即使它的人口已经下降或是不存在。

36.mrs pankhurst
british suffragette,she founded the women’s social and political
union,she died a month before women gained full voting equality
with men.

37.the league of nations国际联盟
an international organization of 1920—1946 set up after the first
world war to promote international cooperation and to achieve
international peace and security.

38.the blitz闪电战
an air attack,particularly the London blitz of 1940—1941.the world
is from the german “blitzkrieg”

39.the beatles甲克虫乐队
one of britain’s most influential pop groups,first performing in
1959 in Liverpool.

40.Thatcherism撒切尔主义
The election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party to power and
Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in
Britain. Her policies are popularly referred to as state-owned
industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation,
the weaking of trade forces unions, the strengthening of the role
of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order.

包括国有工业私有化，用货币政策控制通货膨胀，削弱工会，加强市场力量在经济中的作用，强调法律与秩序。

41.balance of payments收支平衡
it is the difference between the money from exports and the cost
of imports.

42.john Maynard Keyneshe was an influential british economist.Keynes maintained that
governments should use fiscal policy to stabilize the economy.
用财政使经济稳定.

43.visible trade and invisible tradevisible trade is trade of goods such as machines while invisible
trade is trade of services such as banking and tourism.

44.European union欧盟EC stands for European community .EC is now called European
union(EU).it is an organization of 15 western European countries
that promotes cooperation among its members.

45.Monetarist policies(货币主义政策)Since the American economy was plagued by stagflation, in the
early 1980s, the traditional Keynesian theory (传统的凯恩斯理论)was
replaced by new monetarist, which sought to fight inflation by
increasing supply and reducing demand, On one hand ,taxes were cut
to increase economic dynamism. On the other hand, interest rates
were raised to reduce the supply of money.
增加供应，减少需求来打击通货膨胀。一方面，减少税收增加经济活力；另一方面，增加利率减少货币支出。
46.The Trade Union Act of 1871工会法It legalized the trade unions and give financial security. It
meant that in law there was no difference between money for
benefic purposes and collecting it to support strike action.
使工会合法化，并给其财政保障。这意味着从法律上而言，为福利募集资金与为罢工募集资金毫无二至。47.Agribusiness农业产业
The new farming has been called “agribusiness”, because it is
equipped and managed like an industrial business with a set of
inputs into the processes which occur on the farm and outputs or
products which leave the farm

48.British disease英国病The term “British disease” is now often used to characterize
Britain’s economic decline.

49.Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制It is a political system that has been practised in Britain since
the Glorious revolution of 1688. According to this system, the
Constitution is superior to the Monarch. In law, the Monarch has
many supreme powers, but in practice, the real power of monarchy
has been greatly reduced and today the Queen acts solely on the
advice of her ministers. She reigns but does not rule. The real
power lies in the Parliament, or to be exact, in the House of
Commons.

50.Privy Council枢密院A consultative body of the British monarch. Its origin can be
traced back to the times of the Norman Kings. After the Glorious
Revolution of 1688, its importance was gradually diminished and
replaced by the Cabinet. Today, it is still a consultation body of
the British monarch, Its membership is about 400, and includes al
Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the House of Commons, the
Archbishops of Canterbury and York, and senior British and
Commonwealth statesmen.

51.Common lawthe traditional unwritten law of England,based on custom and the
decisions of judges over a period of years rather than on written
laws passed by parliament.
英国的不成文法，以法官的判断和习惯为依据，而不以议会的成文法为依据。

52.the state opening of parliamentthe official opening of a new session of parliament,usually at the
end of October or beginning of November,or after a general
election.

53.The Civil list 英国王室费(考过)an annual allowance,approved by parliament,made to the sovereign
and members of the royal family for the expense involved in
carrying out their public duties. 议会每年一次的津贴补助对君主和皇家成员在行使公共职务时的花费。

54.the civil service公务员(考过)the body of state officials that help s the government.

55.life peer终身贵族a person who is given a peerage贵族地位 that is not handed of to his
or her descendants,usually as a reward for public service.
56.acquittal无罪裁决acquittal broadly means that the individual is released or
discharged without any further prosecution for the same act or
transaction.
是意味着被指控者无罪开释，并再也不可就这件特定罪行被指控。

57.cross-examinationthe questioning of a witness,by a party or lawyer other than the
one who called the witness,concerning matters about which the
witness has testified during direct examination.

58.The Crown Court刑事法庭A criminal court that deals with the more serious cases and holds
sessions in towns throughout England and Wales. It is presided
over either by a judge from the High Court of Justice or a local
full-time judge.

59.probation缓刑a scheme whereby a criminal offender is placed under the
supervision of a probation officer for a period of between six
months(12months in scotland) and three years.
6个月到三年之间。

60.capital punishment死刑the execution of a criminal by hanging.capital punishment also
known as the death penalty.

61.the metropolitan police forcethe police force responsible for London,with its headquarters at
new Scotland yard.

62.The National Health Service英国国民保健制度It is a very important part of the welfare system in Britain. It
is a nationwide organization based on Acts of Parliament. It
provides all kinds of free or nearly free medical treatment both
in hospital and outside. It is financed mainly by payments by the
state out of general taxation. People are not obliged to use this
service. The service is achieving its main objectives with
outstanding success.

63.national insurance 社会保险
the sum levied on all working people by the state as an insurance
against sickness and unemployment.

64.general practitioner(GP)
a doctor who is not a specialist but who has a medical practice in
which he treats all illness.

65.social worker
a person employed by a local authority or a voluntary organization
to give practical aid and advice to people in need.

66.the salvation army
a world-wide Christian organization founded by William
booth,in1865.it giving practical aid and spiritual comfort to the
poor and needy.救世军。

67.Comprehensive schools
Comprehensives schools take pupils without reference to ability or
aptitude and provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or
most of the children in a district.

68.Reuters
It was founded in 1851 by the German, Julius Reuter. It is now a
publicly owned company, employing over 11000 staff in 80
countries. It has more than 1300 staff journalists and
photographers.

69.grant-maintained(GM)Schools有公费保证的学校
they are state schools outside local education authority
control.there are no tuition fees at these
schools.由国家学校以外的当地教育机构控制，在这些学校是免费的。

70.eleven-plus
an examination formerly used to select school pupils at about,the
age of 11 for an appropriate secondary
education.一种考试对11岁孩子选择适当的中等教育。

71.BBC
the british broadcasting corporation,the UK organization
responsible for making an transmitting of its own television and
radio programs.

72.Rupert murdoch
australian-born us newspaper publisher.he became a us citizen in
1985.

73.the british museum
the national museum of archaeology and ethnography in Bloomsbury
,London.考古学和人种学。

74.Pilgrims Thanksgiving Day
The Pilgrims in 1620, 201 of them sailed to the New World in a
ship called Mayflower. The first winter after their arrival was
very cold and when spring came, half of them were dead. Then the
Indians came to their help and taught them how to grow corn. They
had a good harvest that year. So they invited the Indians and held
the first Thanksgiving celebration in America to give thanks to
God.

Ireland(爱尔兰)
1、peace agreement on northern ireland2、republic of Ireland—the republc of ireland is an independent
country situated in western Europe.it occupies four-fifths of the
island of Ireland.its capital is Dublin.the republic of Ireland is
also known as Eire in Irish.

3、Irish Catholicism—ireland is one of the most catholic countries
of Europe.Catholicism is an integral and pervasive influnce on
national life.today 93.1%of the irish population are Roman
Catholics.about half the Catholic bishops in the United States are
of Irish origin.爱尔兰裔。

4、Easter urprising of 1916—the easter urprising took place in
April 1916.a group of nationalists seized the Dublin general post
office and declared the independence of Ireland.after a week of
fighting,the rebellion was suppressed by the british army and most
of its leader executed.

5、Anglo-irish treaty—from 1918—1921 there was fighting between the
irish republican army and the british government.in 1921 the
british signed the Anglo-irish treaty.the british government
agreed to organize a partition of ireland.the southern part of
ireland gain dominion status as the irish free state,while the
northern part would remain a part of the United kingdom.

6、Fianna fail----it is the largest political party in Ireland.its
historicprinciples are neutrality,promotion of Gaelic and strong
support for a united ireland.its new economic polices include
support for the EC,a high lever of public expenditure to reduce
unemployment and full employment.

7、Fine Gael----one of the two major parties in ireland.it changed
its image from a conservative party to a socially progressive
party since the 1960s.it advocates a program of expanded social
services,but is less in favour of promoting Gaelic than fianna
fail is.

8、James Joyce----the most well –known irish writer of the 20 th
century.his main works include Dubliners, A Portrait of the Artist
As A Young Man and Ulysses.his innovations in language and style
have deeply influenced 20 th century writing.

9、Irish or irish gaelic---it is a celtic language.

10、Ulysses is James Joyce’s masterpiece. 杰作The novel describes the
events of one day in the lives of several people in Dublin and
explores their sub-conscious
minds.小说描述了都柏林的几个人在一天里的事情，探索了他们的潜意识思想。

11、Irish Famine---Irish Famine refers to the widespread starvation
of Irish peasantry which followed the effects of potato crop
failure in the mid-19th century. It was one of the reasons that
Ireland suffered a lot of the loss of population.

12、Irish Republican Army (IRA)---The Irish Republican Army (IRA)
is an anti-British military force established in the early 20th
century. Since the Irish Civil War, IRA has remained a force to be
reckoned with对付 in Irish politics. In recent decades IRA continues
to demand that the Republic of Ireland should be united with the
six countries that from Northern Ireland.

美国部分
1.Amerigo Vespucci---Amerigo Vespucci, a navigator, proved that
the land was not India,but a new continent. Therefore, the land
was named America after.

2.the Mississippi---the mississippi has been called "father of
waters" or "old man river",the mississippi and its tributaries
drain one of the richest farm areas in the world.it is the most
important river in the world.
它与它的支流流经世界上最富饶的农业区之一。

3.Hispanics---it stands for the spanish-speaking population of the
united states.these people mainly center in new mexico,california
and texas.there are three major hispanic groups historically
having the great influence on the us.they are chicanos,the puerto
ricans and the cuban-americans.

4.WASPS---WASPS are the mainstream americans,refering to the white
Anglo-saxon protestants.

5.baby boom--baby boom refers to the higher birth rate between
1946 and 1964.

6.the great lakes---the great lakes are the most important lakes
in the united states.they are lake superior,lake michigan,lake
huron,lake Eire and lake ontario.

7.Ellis island---Ellis island was an important immigration
reception spot in the 1890 and at the turn of the century.

8."the great compromise"---"the great compromise" of july
16,giving each state an equal vote in the Senate but making
representation in the House reflect the size of each state's
population.
"大妥协",即参议院中各州有相同的选举权,而众议院代表应按各洲人口比例产生.

9.the Emancipation Proclamation---during the civil war,lincoln
issued the Emancipation Proclamation to get more support for the
union at home and abroad.It granted freedom to all slaves.
解放宣言,由林肯颁布,为了得到国内外对联邦的支持.解放宣言给了所有奴隶以自由.

10.no taxtation without representation---that is ,without their
representatives taking part in decisionmaking,they had no
obligation to pay taxes.
没有代表权不交税，就是说他们如果对殖民地的事务决策没有代表权，他们将没有义务缴纳税金。

11.the Chinese Exclution Act---it was passed by the u.s congress
in may1882,it stopped chinese immigration for ten years.
排华法案在1882年5月由美国国会通过，它10年内禁止中国移民入境。

12.Indentured servants---indenture servants refer to some
immigrants who has to work for a fixed term for their masters to
repay the cross-atlantic fare and debts.
契约佣工，指一些移民必须要在一个限定的时期里为他们的雇主工作来偿还他们横渡大西洋的费用和债务。

13.boston tea party(考过)---in 1773,when ships of tea reached boston
and the governor was determind to see that tea was legally
protected in its distribution,several dozen boston residents
dressed as indians boarded the ships at night and threw $75,000
worth of tea into the harbor.this came to be known as the "boston
tea party".
波士顿倾茶事件，1773年，当满载茶叶的船只到达波士顿时，总督大人决定看看，以确保茶叶卸载时得到合法保护，晚上，几个波士顿居民化装成印度人来到船上仍掉了价值75，000的茶叶。这就是著名的波士顿倾茶事件。

14.continental divide---it is an imaginary line that separates
streams that flow into the pacific ocean from those that flow
into the atlantic.
那是一条难以想象的线，将流入太平洋和流入大西洋的河流划分开来。

15.federalists---they were those who demanded a strong national
system and who later struggle hard for the ratification of the
consititution.
联邦制拥护者就是指那些要求建立坚固的国家体系，之后又为宪法的通过全力奋斗的人。

16.the gettysburg address---it refers to the short speech
president lincoln made when he dedicated the national cemetery at
gettysburg. He ended the speech with “the government of the
people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish死亡 from the
earth”.葛底斯堡（地址），指林肯在阵亡将士墓落成仪式上发表的一个简短的演说

17.the ku klux klan
teh kkk was the first organized in 1866 and then reformed in
1867.the kkk terrorized and attaked not only blacks,but also
progressives,labor union organizers communist or socialist party
members.三K党，最早成立在1866年，后在1867年重组，他们进行恐怖活动，不仅攻击黑人、而且还迫害进步人士、工会组织者、社会主义和共产主义党派成员。

18.muckrakers---muckrakers were reform-minded journalists who made
investigation and exposed the dark sides of the society.
黑幕揭发者,是指那些调查和揭露社会黑色的一面的富有改革思想的记者.

19.intolerant nationalism---that is,not allowing views,oppinions
or beliefs different from the main trend of views or
beliefs.偏执国家主义,是不允许不同于主流的那些观点和信仰等存在.

20.the red scare---the red scare ,on november 7,1919 and january
2,1920,the justice department lauched two waves of arrests,over
4,000 suspected radicals and communists were arrested.
红色恐惧，在1919年12月7日和1920年1月2日，司法部发动了两次抓捕活动，大约4000名被怀疑是激进分子和共**的人被逮捕。
21.the progressive movement---the progressive movement refers to
the movement demanding the goverment regulation of the economy and
social condition.
进步运动，指调整经济和社会状况的运动。

22.overload---at the first summit ,it was decided that a
large-scale attack on the south of france would be lauched in
May,1944,which was codenamed
overload.霸王行动，在第一次首脑会议上，决定在1944年5月向法国南部发动大面积进攻，代号为霸王行动。

23.The New Deal----In order to deal with the Depression, President
Franklin Roosevelt put forward the New Deal program. It passed a
lot of New Deal laws and set up many efficient social security
systems. The New Deal helped to save American democracy and the
development of American economy.

24.the truman doctrine---that is,the united states would support
any country which said it was fighting with communism.
杜鲁门主义，是说美国将支持任何与共产主义做斗争的国家。

25.the marshall plan---that is,in order to protect western europe
from possible soviet expansion,the united states decided to offer
western european countries ecomomic aid.
马歇尔计划，是为了保护西欧免遭苏联的扩张，美国决定提供西欧国家经济援助。

26.the smith act---it was passed by congress,made it unlawful for
any group to advocate or teach the violent overthrow of goverment
in the united states.
史密斯法案,是由国会通过,宣布任何主张或传播暴力颠覆政府的组织为非法行为.

27.the civil rights act of 1964---it outlawed discrimination not
only in public housing,but also in employment on the basis of
race,colour,religion,sex,or national orgin.
民权法案，宣布不仅在公共场所禁止种族歧视，而且在就业中所涉及的种族、肤色、宗教、性别、国籍等也禁止歧视。

28.the poverty line---it is based on the income that households
need to eat adequately without spending more than a third of their
income on food.贫困线，是以一家人能够足够吃饱的收入不超过他们在食物三分之一的收入。

29.poverty---it is the lack of enough income and resources to live
adquately by community standards.贫穷，在社会标准下缺乏足够的收入和来源去生存。

30.monopoly---that is ,one company or a cooperationg group of
companies controls the supply of a product or service for which
there is no close substitute.垄断，指一个公司或公司合作组织，控制着一个不能被代替的生产和服务的供应。

29.oligopoly
that is,a small number of companies dominate an industry.in the
united states ,the auto mobile and computer industries are
oligoplies.
求过于供的市场情况，一小部分公司占据一个工业，美国现在是汽车和计算机业是这种情况。

30. checks and balances
this is a major principle of the american govermental system by
which each branch of the goverment exercises a check on the
actions of the others.
制衡制度,是 美国政府的一个主要措施,政府的各部门都可以制止和检查其他各部门的行为.

31.winner-take-all
this is to say,the candidate who receives the most votes wins
everything.
选举人制度,是说获得最多选票的后选人赢得全部.