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强调句还有一种类型，就是用助动词do (did，does) 强调谓语。
　　She does like this horse.　她的确喜欢这匹马。
　　Please do take care of yourself. 千万保重。

1)　陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用 aren't I.
　　I'm as tall as your sister，aren't I?
2)　陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may +主语。
　　I wish to have a word with you, may I?
3)　陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。
　　The Swede made no answer, did he / she?
　　Some plants never blown (开花), do they ?
4)　含有ought to 的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。
　　He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he?
5)　陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.)，疑问部分常用don't +主语（didn't +主语）。
　　We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we?
6)　陈述部分的谓语是used to 时，疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语。
　　He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he?
7)　陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you?
　　You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?
8)　陈述部分有would rather +v.，疑问部分多用 wouldn't +主语。
　　He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?
9)　陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。
　　You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?
10) 陈述部分有must 的疑问句，疑问部分根据实际情况而定。
　　He must be a doctor, isn't he?
　　You must have studied English for three years, haven't you? / didn't you?
　　He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he?
11) 感叹句中，疑问部分用be +主语。
　　What colours, aren't they?
　　What a smell, isn't it?
12)　陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?
13)　陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。
　　Everything is ready, isn't it?

14)　 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况：
　　a. 并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。
　　Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he?
　　b. 带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：
　　He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?
　　He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?
　　c. 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。
　　I don't think he is bright, is he?
　　We believe she can do it better, can't she?

15) 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he。
　　Everyone knows the answer, don't they?　(does he?)
　　Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)

16) 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。
　　We need not do it again, need we ?
　　He dare not say so, dare you?
　 当dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。
　　She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she?

17)　省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。
　　Don't do that again, will you?
　　Go with me, will you / won't you ?
注意： Let's 开头的祈使句，后用shall we?
　　Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you?
　　Let's go and listen to the music, shall we?
　　Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ?

18)　陈述部分是"there be"结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。
　　There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there?
　　There will not be any trouble, will there?

19)　否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。
　　It is impossible, isn't it?
　　He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?

20)　must在表"推测"时，根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。
　 He must be there now, isn't he?
　 It must be going to rain tomorrow, won't it?


　　　　　　　 快速记忆表
陈述部分的谓语　　　　　 疑问部分　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　 I　　　　　　　　　 aren't I　　　　　　　　
　　　 Wish　　　　　　　　　may +主语　　　　 　　　　　
no,nothing,nobody,never,　　
few, seldom, hardly,　　　　 肯定含义
rarely, little等否定
含义的词　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　
ought to（肯定的）　　　 shouldn't/ oughtn't +主语 　
have to+v.(had to+v.)　　don't +主语(didn't +主语) 　
used to　　　　　　　 didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语 　
had better + v.　　　　　hadn't you　　　　　　　　　
would rather + v.　　　　wouldn't +主语　　　　　　　
you'd like to + v.　　　 wouldn't +主语　　　　　　　
must　　　　　　　　　　 根据实际情况而定　　　　　　
感叹句中　　　　　　　　 be +主语　　　　　　　　　　
Neither…nor,
either…or 连接的根　　 据其实际逻辑意义而定
并列主语　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　
指示代词或不定代词
everything,that,　　　　　　主语用it
nothing,this　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　
并列复合句　　　　　　　谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定 　
定语从句,宾语从句的
主从复合句　　　　　　　根据主句的谓语而定　　　　 　
think,believe,expect,
suppose,imagine等引导　 与宾语从句相对应的从句　 　　
everybody,anyone,
somebody,nobody,no one　　复数they, 单数he　　　　 　
情态动词dare或need　　　 need (dare ) +主语
dare, need 为实义动词　　　　 do +主语　　　　　　 　
省去主语的祈使句　　　　 will you？
Let's 开头的祈使句　　　 Shall we?
Let us 开头的祈使句　　　Will you?　　　　　　　　 　
there be　　　相应的谓语动词+there(省略主语代词）　　
否定前缀不能视为否定词　　　 仍用否定形式　　　　　　
must表"推测"　　　根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句 　

14.1 倒装句之全部倒装


　　全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和　一般过去时。常见的结构有：
　　1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。
　　There goes the bell.
　　Then came the chairman.
　　Here is your letter.
　　2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。
　　Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
　　Ahead sat an old woman.
　　注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
　　 Here he comes.　　　　Away they went.

部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。


　　1)　句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。
　　Never have I seen such a performance.
　　Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
　　Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
　　当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。

注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。
　　 I have never seen such a performance.
　　 The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.

典型例题　　

1)　Why can't I smoke here?
　　At no time___ in the meeting-room
A. is smoking permitted　　B.　smoking is permitted
C. smoking is it permitted　D.　does smoking permit
答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.

2） Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
　　A. man did know　 B. man know　 C. didn't man know　 D. did man know
　　答案D.　 看到Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。
　　改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。

.

　 如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than
　 Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
　 Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
　 No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.

典型例题
No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.
A. the game began　　　　　 B.　has the game begun
C. did the game begin　　　 D.　had the game begun
答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when　等等。

注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。
　 Not only you but also I am fond of music.

.
　 表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒装。　　　　
　　Tom can speak French. So can Jack.
　　If you won't go, neither will I.

典型例题
　　---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?
　　---I don't know, _____.
　　A. nor don't I care　　B. nor do I care　　C. I don't care neither　　D. I don't care also
答案：B. nor为增补意思"也不关心"，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次否定， C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。


　 注意： 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。
　 Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
　 ---It's raining hard.　　　---So it is.

.

　 Only in this way, can you learn English well.
　 Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
　 如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装
　 Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.

.

　 as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。

注意：
　　　 1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
　　　 2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,　 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
　　 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.

注意:
　　让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。

.

1)　 so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。
　　 So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.

2)　在某些表示祝愿的句型中：
　　May you all be happy.

3)　在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。
　 Were I you, I would try it again.

典型例题：
1） Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is　　
A. man did know　 B. man knew　 C. didn't man know　 D. did man know
答案为D.　否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。

2） Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.　
A. didn't I realize　　B. did I realize　　C. I didn't realize　D. I realize
　　答案为B。

3)　Do you know Tom bought a new car?
　　I don't know, ___.
　　A. nor don't I care　 B. nor do I care　
　　C. I don't care neither　D. I don't care also
　　解析：答案为B.　句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示"也不"。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。

.

　 主谓一致是指：
1） 语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2） 意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3） 就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，


　　一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。
　 There is much water in the thermos.
　　但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。
　 Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.

Reading and writing are very important.


　　注意： 当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
　　The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.

典型例题
　　The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is　　B. was　 C. are　 D. were
答案B. 注： 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C.。本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别， monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。

.

1）当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。
　　There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..
　　There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.

2）当either… or… 与neither… nor，　连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。 如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。
　　Either you or she is to go.
　　Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.

.

　 当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。
　 The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.
　 He as well as I wants to go boating.

.

1） 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。
　 Each of us has a tape-recorder.
　 There is something wrong with my watch.

2） 当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。
　 The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.
　 <<天方夜谭>>是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。

3） 表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语 时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。)
　 Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
　 Ten yuan is enough.

1） 在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。
　　 All is right.　　　 (一切顺利。)
　　 All are present.　　(所有人都到齐了。)

2） 集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。
　　 His family isn't very large.　　他家不是一个大家庭。
　　 His family are music lovers.　他的家人都是音乐爱好者。
　 但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。
　　Are there any police around?

3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。
　　A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
　　The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
　　A number of books have lent out.
　　The majority of the students like English.

1） 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。
　　Most of his money is spent on books.
　　Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.

2） 在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。
　 Many a person has read the novel.　许多人都读过这本书。
　 More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市。

1） 概念
　　 虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。

2） 在条件句中的应用
　　 条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。

.

　　真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中 if 是如果的意思。
　
　　时态关系
句型： 条件从句　　　 主句
　　 一般现在时　　 shall/will + 动词原形
　　If he comes, he will bring his violin.

典型例题
　　The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.　
A.　will rain　 B. rains　 C. rained　 D. is rained
　　答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。

注意：
1） 在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will.
　　(错) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.
　　(对) If you leave now, you will never regret it.
　　2） 表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall (will) +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。

.

1）时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。
a.　 同现在事实相反的假设。
句型 ： 条件从句　　　　　主句
　　一般过去时　　　should( would) +动词原形
　 If they were here, they would help you.

b.　 表示于过去事实相反的假设。
句型： 条件从句　　　　　 主句　　　　　
　　过去完成时　　　 should(would) have+ 过去分词
　 If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.　　
　 The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.　
　 If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.


　 If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.
　 含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
　 If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress.
　 含义： He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.　

c.　 表示对将来的假想
　　句型：　 条件从句　　　　　　 主句
　　　　 一般过去时　　　　　 should+ 动词原形
　　　　 were+ 不定式　　　　 would + 动词原形
　　　　 should+ 动词原形
　　If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
　　If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
　　If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.

.

　 主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。
　　If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.
　 （从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）
　　If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在).

虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。
　 Were they here now, they could help us.
　　=If they were here now, they could help us.
　 Had you come earlier, you would have met him
　　=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.　
　 Should it rain, the crops would be saved.
　　=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.

注意：
　 在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was， 即在从句中be用were代替。
　 If I were you, I would go to look for him.
　　 如果我是你，就会去找他。
　 If he were here, everything would be all right.
　　 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。

典型例题
　　_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.
A. If were I　　 B. I were　C. Were I　D. Was I
　 答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Weren't I to do.

1） It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用should 加动词原形， should 可省略。

句型：
　　(1)suggested
It is　 (2)important　　　　that…+ (should) do
　　(3) a pity

(1)suggested, ordered, proposed, required,　 demanded, requested, insisted； + (should) do
(2)important, necessary, natural, strange
a pity,　 a shame,　 no wonder
(3)It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week.


　 It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow.

2）在宾语从句中的应用
　　在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。
order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + (should) do
　 I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
　 He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.


　　注意： 如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
　 The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.　

　　判断改错:
　　（错）　You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill.
　 (对)　 Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
　 (错)　 I insisted that you ( should) be wrong.
　 (对)　 I insisted that you were wrong.

3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用
　　在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。
　　 My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.
　　 I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.

1）用于wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：

　　　　　　　　　　　　　 真实状况　wish后　　　　 　
从句动作先于主句动词动作　　现在时　　过去时
（be的过去式为 were）　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　
从句动作与主句动作同时发生　过去时　　过去完成时
（had + 过去分词）　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
将来不大可能实现的愿望　　　将来时　would/could +
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　动词原形　　　　

　　I wish I were as tall as you.　我希望和你一样高。
　　He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。
　　I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。

2）Wish to do表达法。
　 Wish sb / sth to do
　 I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.
　 I wish the manager to be informed at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.)

.

　　only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。
　　I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
　　If only the alarm clock had rung.　　　当时闹钟响了，就好了。
　　If only he comes early.　　　　　　　但愿他早点回来。

.

　 It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。
　 It is time that the children went to bed.
　 It is high time that the children should go to bed.

.
　　didn't need to do表示： 过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。.
　　needn't have done表示： 过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。
　　John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。
　　John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家，没有遇上John的车。)

典型例题
　　There was plenty of time. She ___.
A. mustn't have hurried　 B. couldn't have hurried　　C. must not hurry　 D. needn't have hurried
　　答案D。needn't have done. 意为"本不必"，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。
　　Mustn't have done 用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done, "不可能已经"。 must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时）。

在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

.

　　引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
　　 连接词：that,whether,if 不充当从句的任何成分）
　　 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,
　　　　　　　 whose, which.
　　 连接副词：when, where, how, why
　　 不可省略的连词：
　　1. 介词后的连词
　　2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。
　　That she was chosen made us very happy.
　　We heard the news that our team had won.
　　比较：whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：
1. whether引导主语从句并在句首
2. 引导表语从句
3. whether从句作介词宾语
4. 从句后有"or not"
　　 Whether he will come is not clear.


　　大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。
　　It is not important who will go.
　　It is still unknown which team will win the match.

1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。 That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如：
　 主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck.　 他还活着全靠运气。
　 宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.　约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。
　 表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.　　　事实是近来谁也没有见过他。
　 同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
　　近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。
　 形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.
　　你对工作满意我感到很高兴。

2）That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：
　　It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.　很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。
　　It's a pity that you should have to leave.　你非走不可真是件憾事。
　　
　　用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
　 a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
　　It is necessary that…　　　 有必要……
　　It is important that…　　　 重要的是……
　　It is obvious that…　　　　 很明显……


　 b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
　　It is believed that…　　　　　人们相信……
　　It is known to all that…　　　从所周知……
　　It has been decided that…　　 已决定……


　 c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
　　It is common knowledge that…　 ……是常识
　　It is a surprise that…　　 令人惊奇的是……
　　It is a fact that…　　　　 事实是……


　 d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
　　It appears that…　　　　　　似乎……
　　It happens that…　　　　　　碰巧……
　　It occurred to me that…　　 我突然想起……

1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，例如：

主语： How the book will sell depends on its author.　书销售如何取决于作者本人。

直接宾语：In one's own home one can do what one likes.　在自己家里可以随心所欲。

间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize.　
俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。

表语： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.　我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。

宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。

同位语：　　I have no idea when he will return.　
我不知道他什么时候回来。

形容词宾语：I'm not sure why she refused their invitation.　 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。

介词宾语：　That depends on where we shall go.　
那取决于我们去哪儿。

2）Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如：
　　It is not yet decided who will do that job.　
　　还没决定谁做这项工作。
　　It remains unknown when they are going to get married.　 他们何时结婚依然不明。