【推荐】中国为何无法驾驭经济?(下)
WHY CHINA'S LEADERS ARE PROVING POWERLESS TO REIN IN THE ECONOMY Richard McGregor
Friday, May 25, 2007
But if the trade surplus is the problem, neither appreciation of the renminbi nor random administrative measures to restrain exports, such as the ones applied to steel, will be a panacea. China's increased labour productivity alone over the past two years has been enough to wipe out any cost increases – and therefore any decrease in export competitiveness – from the 7-odd per cent appreciation in the renminbi against the dollar since mid-2005. Even if China's currency rose rapidly, the bilateral trade surplus would remain high in any case.
The decision to manage the currency tightly distorts the economy in more profound ways, notably in tying the government's hands on interest rates. China keeps rates low for two main reasons: to reduce incentives for capital inflows and to maintain a spread with US rates to ensure a return on the investment of its foreign exchange reserves in US Treasuries.
Such policies – low interest rates combined with cheap labour and land – make much investment in China highly profitable for enterprises, with little of the windfall going to workers. “Households are in effect subsidising this low cost of capital because of the ceiling on deposit rates,” says one China economist, who asked not to be named. “There has been a huge increase in profits, but they are not getting their share of it.”
At precisely the time the government is trying to slow capital spending and reduce the rich-poor divide, policy incentives are pushing in the opposite direction, according to International Monetary Fund research.
A focus on capital-intensive industry also runs counter to the economic task Beijing often professes to be its most pressing: creating enough jobs for the 15m workers who enter the labour force every year. China created fewer jobs (as a percentage of the workforce) between 1982 and 2006 than Brazil, even though it grew by an annual average of more than 10 per cent compared with Brazil's 3-4 per cent, the IMF found.
China's spectacular growth rates for the moment are camouflaging the fact that the country and its citizens are getting a lousy return on the billions the country invests and the raw materials they use. It is a problem that officials in Beijing understand well. Whether they can do much about it in the timeframe they have set themselves is very much up in the air.