32. the free enterprise system
the united states economy is based largely on a free enterprise
system.in such a system,individuals and companies are free to make
their own economic decisions.
自由市场经济,美国的经济以自由市场经济为基础,在这个系统下,个人和公司可以自由行使自己的经济决定权.

33. the federal system
it is a system of goverment in which power is divided by a written
constitution between a central goverment and regional,or
subdivisional goverments.
联邦制,在中央政府和区政府之间,由宪法划分的一种政府制度.(翻译不是太准确)

34.separation of powers
it refers to the principle that the national goverment is split
into three branches:legislative,executive and judicial.
分权制,指国家的一种制度,被划分为三个分支:立法\行政、司法.

35. private school
a private school is a school that is controlled by an individual
or by an agency other than a state ,a subdivision of a state or
the federal goverment.
私立学校，由个人或其他机构投资或控制。

36.school district
it is a special district for the provision of local public
education for all children in its service area.
地区学校，是一个特殊的地区以提供给服务范围内的所有孩子当地公共教育的供应。

37. global education
it refers to the study of complex problems and issues of a world
wide nature.
全球教育,研究复杂问题和发布世界范围的特性.(翻译不太准)

38. poor richard's almanac
it was wrote by bejamin franklin,it was modeled on the sort of
farmers annual calendar widely sold at the time.
穷里查年鉴，它有本杰明福兰克林创作，它收集每年的谚语。

39.transcendentalism
it was a movement that emerged in the 1830s and 1840s among
american yough intellectuals which emphasized man's potentiality
for goodness creativity,and self-development.
超验主义，它强调人的内在价值，创造性和自我发展。

40. jazz
jazz is a blend of african musical tradition carried over by
black slaves and european classics.
爵士音乐是一种源自非洲音乐并和欧洲的音乐成份相融合的的音乐.

41.knickerbockers era
in the early part of the 19th century,new york city was the centre
of amercian writing.its writers were called "knickerbockers"and
the period from 1810 to 1840 is known as the "knickerbockers
era"of american literature.
灯笼裤时代,(纽约人时期),在19世纪早期,纽约城是写作中心,它的作家被成为纽约市人,从1810
到1840这个时期被称为纽约市人时期.

42. father's day
father's day falls on the third sunday in June and children honor
their fathers in some special way.
父亲节，是六月的第三个周日，是用特殊的方式给予他们的父亲敬意。

43.mother's day
mother's day falls on the second sunday in may.this is a day on
which children honor their mothers,give them gifts,or perhaps take
them a restaurant for dinner.
母亲节，是五月的第二个周日，那一天孩子们将给予他们的母亲礼物或是请他们的母亲共进午餐。

44. congressional medal of honor
this is the highest U.S military decoration,awarded in the name of
congress to members of the armed forces for ganllantry and bravery
beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy.
荣誉勋章,是美国军事最高荣誉,授予那些与敌人英勇作战并在战争中战死的战士们.(翻译不是太准确)

45.UNICEF
United nations international children's emergency funds was
founded in december ,1946,for the purpose of providing relief for
children in war-torn countries.
联合国国际儿童应急基金,在1946年12月建立,目的给那些国家在战争中的儿童.提供的基金.

46. Great Canyon
The Great Canyon is an enormous gorge carved by the Colorado River
in northwestern Arizona.

47. New England
New England refers to the northeastern six states of the US. They
are Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and
Connecticut. New England is sometimes called the birthplace of
America.

48.Hispanic Americans
Hispanic Americans refer to the Spanish-speaking population of the
US. The Hispanic Group includes Mexican-Americans, Puerto-Ricans,
Cuban-Americans and so on.

49. Chicanos
Chicanos are Mexican-Americans who make up the largest group of
the Hispanic Group.

50.Puerto Ricans
Puerto Ricans are the second largest of Hispanic Group in the US.

51.Federalist Papers
The newspapers of New York City carried 85 letters to the public ,
later came to be called the Federalist Papers, which are regarded
as the best explanation of the Constitution as well as an
important work on political theory.52.The First Continental Congress
In 1774, the First Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia,
which encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods, and
organized colonial militia units.

53.Manifest Destiny
The major implications of Manifest Destiny are that the founding
of the US is inevitable, that the expansion of American territory
is legitimate, and that the spread of American democracy is the
task of American people who were chosen to the Lord’s work.

54.The Black Thursday
The Black Thursday refers to Oct 24 1929 when the stock market
crash happened. Ten of millions of shares were dumped and billions
of dollars of paper profits were wiped out within a few hours. It
signaled the beginning of the Great Depression.

55.New Frontier
In the 1960s, US president John. F. Kennedy named his program the
New Frontier, promising civil rights for blacks, federal aids to
farmers and education, medical care for all and abolition of
poverty.

56.Port Huron Statement
In 1962, a group of radical students met in Port Huron, Michigan
to form the Students for a Democratic Society. In their platform,
the Port Huron Statement, they condemned racism, poverty, powerful
corporation and the Cold War.

57.NOW
NOW is the acronym of the National Organization for Women. It was
a reform organization and battled for the equal rights of women in
partnership with men.

58.Counterculture
Counterculture was a movement of revolt against the moral
values, the aesthetic standards, the personal behavior and the
social relations of conventional society.

59.American Corn Belt
The American Corn Belt is in the Mid-West. It stretches from Ohio
to eastern South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas. It covers Northern
Missouri, Southwestern Minnesota, and almost all of Iowa, Indiana,
and Illinois.

60 American Corn Belt
The American Corn Belt follows the Coastal Plain from Southern
Virginia to Texas and parts of the Southern Piedmont.

61Three giants in American automobile industry
Three major corporations, called three giants---General Motor,
Ford and Chrysler, represent the American automobile industry.

62.Electoral College
In the US, the people of each state don’t vote directly for the
president: they select presidential electors, equal to the number
of the Senators and Representatives each states has in Congress.
The electors of all 50 states and the District of Columbia (538
persons) comprise the Electoral College.

63 US presidential inauguration
In the US the presidential term of four years begins on Jan 20.
The president starts his official duties with an inauguration
ceremony held on the steps of the US Capitol. The president takes
an oath of office, administered by Chief Justice, which is
followed by an inauguration address.

64 community college
Community college emerged in the US in the early 1900s, as a
two-year college to meet the need of economic expansion and rapid
rise in immigrants. It provides general career and adult
education.

65 new basics
The new basics were proposed as the compulsory basic courses to be
completed by American high school students. They include four
years of English, three years of mathematics, science, and social
studies and a half year of computer science.

66 Knickerbockers
In the early 19th century, New York City was the center of
American writing. It’s writers were called “Knickerbockers”.

67 Leaves of Grass
Leaves of Grass was American poet Walt Witman’s masterpiece.
Through the poems, Witman praised the ideas of equality and
democracy and celebrated the dignity, self-reliant spirit and the
joy of the common man.

68 Harlem Renaissance
Harlem is Northeastern part of New York City where black people
were concentrated and where black writers wrote freely. In the
1920s, Black Literature developed into an upsurge known as the
Harlem Renaissance.

69 Halloween
In the US, Halloween falls on Oct 31. It’s a nighttime
children’s day and a time for frightening costumes, masks,
parties, games and tricks--- all for fun.


70 independence Day
Independence Day (July 4) is American’s most important patriotic
holiday and the birthday of the nation.
加拿大部分
1.treaty of paris in 1763---the seven years’ war ended with the
signing of the
treaty of paris in 1763.by the treaty of paris,new france with its 65,000settlers was ceded割让 to Britain.

2.Constitutional act of 1791---britain divided the old province of
Quebec into
two parts,lower Canada(modern canada) and upper Canada(modern
ontario),each with its own legislature.立法机构。

3.Act of union in 1840---联合法案 recommended that the two canadas be
united in one province.

4.FTA and NAFTA---it stands for the Canada-united states free
trade agreement signed by the two countries,which came into effect
in 1989.

5.Canadian Shield加拿大地盾---The Canadian Shield covers almost half of
Canada. It is a semicircular半圆的 band of rocky highlands and
plateaus around Hudson Bay from the northern shores of Quebec to
the Arctic shores of the Northwest Territories. It is a region of
hills, lakes, and swamps.沼泽

6.Mackenzie River
Mackenzie River is one of two principal river systems in Canada.
It flows between the Canadian Shield and the Rocky Mountains in
west Canada. It is the second largest river system of North
American.

7.Loyalist
The first British settlers in Canada were American refugees, who
refused to fight against the British Army in the American War of
Independence, because they felt they were more English than
American. They called themselves Loyalists. Their settlements laid
the base of English-speaking Canada.

8.Canadian Prairie
Canadian Prairie is the Canadian section of the Great Plains of
North America. Great stretches of level and fertile grassland are
found here. This region is the center of rich wheat belt. Wheat
farming and cattle and sheep grazing are important here.

9.British North America Act
The British North America Act is an act passed by the British
parliament in 1867 to set up the Dominion of Canada, uniting
Canada, New Bruck and Nova Scotia under a federal government.

10.Meech Lake Accord
In 1987 Canada’s top politicians reached an argument, offering
Quebec special status within the country and privileges to
unilaterally promote its French culture and language. The
agreement was called Meech Lake Accord. It failed because of the
strong opposition from Canada’s English-speaking majority.

11.the Inuit
The Inuit, also called the Eskimo, is the native people of Canada
who came from Asia in prehistoric times. The word Inuit means “the
people ” in their own language, whereas Eskimo is an Indian word
meaning “eaters of raw flesh”.吃生鱼的人

12.Group of Severn七人画派
The Group of Severn was a group of Canadian painters. They
appeared in the early 20th century. The group was the first to
express a pictorial nationalism and a Canadian
Impressionism.表现了绘画的民族主义和加拿大的印象主义。

13.Les Jeunesses Musicals du Canada加拿大青年音乐学会
JMC was founded in 1949 to spread musical culture and promote the
musical development of young Canadians. Today JMC has over 100,000
members.
Australia （澳大利亚）
1.the land down under---australia lies in the southern
hemisphere.it is almost halfway around the world from
England.that’s why from the European point of view Australia is
down under.

2.outback内地---in Australia is the areas that are far away from
towns and cities are called the outback,especially the desert
areas in central Australia.(考过一句话)

3.muliticulturalism多元文化主义---it is a theory that it is beneficial
to a society to maintain more than one culture within its
structure.it also refers to the policy based on this theory.

4.school of the air---it is an educational system in which lessons
are transmitted by radio and children learn their lessons through
a radio system.

5.built environment营造的环境---it was built by the people,and it was
changed by the people.

6.dreaming梦幻时代---this is the mythical神话past of the Australian
aborigines.it is also the basis of their religious beliefs and
creation stories.
是一个表现想象力及创造力的时期。

7.convict system囚犯制度---it is the system of imprisoning convicts in
a penal colony,especially in a penal labour settlement.

8.eureka stockade尤里卡围桩---a number of goldminers armed themselves
behind a stockade of wooden slabs厚板and raised a new Australian
flag.this event is often referred to as the eureka stockade.

9.Australian bush灌木丛---it refers to an area of land covered with
natural bushes and trees which has never been farmed and where
there are very few people.

10.the Anzacs---The Anzacs refers to Australian and New Zealand
Army Corps. They joined British and French forces to fight the
Turks at Gallipoli during WWⅡ. Although they later withdrew, the
Gallipoli Campaign was seen as a noble defeat. The Anzacs Day
(April 25) has remained Australia’s most important holiday.

11.ACTU澳大利亚工会理事会---it stands for Australian council of trade
unions,it is the main organizational body of the trade-union
movement in Australia.

12.White Australian Policy---The White Australian Policy refers to
the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901. According to the policy,
only European, especially British and Irish, were allowed to
migrate to Australia. When they settled in Australia, all migrants
should assimilate 吸收themselves into white society.

13.Marvellous Melbourne----After the gold rush in 1850s and 1860s,
there was an important revolution in transport, especially with
the network of tram and railway systems. This changed the pace of
urban life and the appearance of the city and soon people were
calling the city “Marvellous Melbourne”. But by the 1890s
outsiders were calling the city “Marvellous Melbourne” because of
the bad smell of the city.

14.Murray---Murray is Australia’s longest river. It forms the
major part of the boundary between the States of New South Wales
and Victoria. It enters the sea in South Australia.

15.Tasmania---Tasmania is the smallest of the Australian States.
It is an island lying south of the southeastern corner of the
Australian mainland. It is often called the holiday Isle. It’s
capital is Hobart.

16.Australian Capital Territory---Shortly after the forming of
federation in 1901, the Australian Capital Territory was mapped
out of the states of New South Wales to be the site. Canberra is
the capital of Australia.

17.Snowy Mountains Project---The Snowy Mountains Project, a major
development project, was set up in 1949 by the Chifley government.
The aim was to trap Snowy Mountains river waters, and direct the
water into the Murrumbidgee and Murray Rivers through dam and
tunnels. It would provide electricity and water for irrigation.

18.double dissolution双重解除---A double dissolution is the dissolving
of both Houses of parliament by the Governor-General at the
request of Prime Minister. This occurs when a bill has been passed
by the House of Representatives and rejected by the Senate and
after three months have elapsed, again passed by Representatives
but rejected by the Senate. Then a general election may be called
to solve the deadlock.
由联邦总督在总理的要求下解散议会两院

19.the Accord---Between 1983 and 1993 there were seven agreements
between the Labor government and the ACTU. They are mainly
concerned with economic and social politics such as wage
politics工资政策. These agreements are known as the Accord.
协调,主要涉及经济和社会政策，例如各种工资政策。

20.Australian Labor Party---Australian Labor Party was formed at
the time of Federation in 1901 and is the oldest of the Australian
parties. Since 1910 it has been the largest single party in terms
of electoral support.

21.Makaratta Treaty---During the 1983 election campaigns Bob Hawke
promised that if he was elected, a treaty would be signed to
recognize that the Aboriginal people were the original owners of
the Australian Continent. Makaratta is an Aboriginal word meaning
“the end of a dispute and the start of normal relatoions”.

22.Mabo Judgment---In 1992 the High Court of Australia passed a
decision which has become known as the Mabo Judgment. The decision
recognized that the people of Murray Island in Torres Strait held
and continued to hold native title to their land. Mabo was the
name of the Aborigine who brought the case to the court and fought
for it until death. 最高法院决定承认Murray岛的人民继续保持他们自己领土的国家头衔